Canada. Bad Fits: The Causes, Extent and Costs of Job Skills Mismatch in Canada
Large numbers of Canadian workers have skills mismatched to their jobs, and the problem looks set to worsen in face of technological changes and aging demographics. About 13 percent of Canadian workers are either over- or under-skilled for their job in terms of literacy, numeracy and problem-solving, with about half fitting into each category.
https://www.cdhowe.org/public-policy-research/bad-fits-causes-extent-and-costs-job-skills-mismatch-canada